By the mid-nineteenth century,the term icebox had entered the American language,but ice was still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States.The ice trade grew with the growth of cities.Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals,and by some forward-looking city dealers in fresh meat,fresh fish, and butter.

      Nevertheless,early efforts to economize ice included wrapping up the ice in blankets,which kept the ice from doing its job.Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox.But as early as 1803, an ingenious Maryland farmer,Thomas Moore, had been on the right track. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport his butter to market,his butter, still fresh and hard in neat,was worth one-pound a brick.One advantage of his icebox, Moore explained,was that farmers would no longer have to travel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool.

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