語(yǔ)氣是動(dòng)詞的一種形式，表示說話人的看法和態(tài)度。英語(yǔ)有三種語(yǔ)氣，即陳述語(yǔ)氣、祈使語(yǔ)氣和虛擬語(yǔ)氣。陳述語(yǔ)氣主要用于陳述句和疑問句，用于陳述事實(shí)、提出看法或問題等;祈使語(yǔ)氣用于祈使句，表示請(qǐng)求、命令或警告等;虛擬語(yǔ)氣則表示假想、推測(cè)或主觀愿望，而非客觀存在的事實(shí)。如：Don’t be late next time(祈使語(yǔ)氣)。If I were you, I would not go. (虛擬語(yǔ)氣)I wish I had a lot of money. (虛擬語(yǔ)氣)。

      在虛擬語(yǔ)氣中，含有非真實(shí)條件句的復(fù)合句使用最為普遍，學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)要特別注意從句和主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(因動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)間不同而具有)的幾種不同組合形式。另外，一些特定的英語(yǔ)句型或表達(dá)中常需要使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，也應(yīng)是我們?cè)趯W(xué)習(xí)時(shí)特別關(guān)注的地方。

考點(diǎn)一：虛擬語(yǔ)氣的三種基本類型

1.與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反：

      ①條件從句謂語(yǔ)：動(dòng)詞過去式(be 一般用were)

      ②主句謂語(yǔ)：would/should/could/might +動(dòng)詞原形

      例如：If I saw him now, I would be very happy.

      If I were here now, we could ask him about it.

2.與過去事實(shí)相反：

      ①條件從句謂語(yǔ)：had+過去分詞

      ②主句謂語(yǔ)：would/should/could/might + have+過去分詞

      例如：If I had seen him then, I would have been very happy.

      If I had been here then, we could have asked him about it.

3.與將來事實(shí)相反：

      (1)條件從句謂語(yǔ)：①動(dòng)詞過去式②should+動(dòng)詞原形③were to+動(dòng)詞原形

      (2)主句謂語(yǔ)：would/should/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形

      例如：If I were/should be/were to be you tomorrow, I shouldn’t quarrel with him.

Even if 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，其謂語(yǔ)形式與if 虛擬條件句相同。

      Nothing could have saved the wounded man even if he had been treated without delay.

注意：

      1.虛擬條件句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變化助記口訣：碰到虛擬條件句，時(shí)態(tài)向前移一位。假設(shè)現(xiàn)在某情況，從句應(yīng)用過去時(shí)。假設(shè)過去某情況，應(yīng)用過去完成時(shí)。

      2.上述主句謂語(yǔ)中，would表示結(jié)果，might表示可能性，could 表示能力、允許或可能性，should主要用于第一人稱后。

      3.條件從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為be時(shí)，不管其主語(yǔ)為單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)通常都用were。

      4.與將來事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣中，當(dāng)條件從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞使用should +動(dòng)詞原形時(shí)(表示可能性極小，常譯為萬一)，主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞除了would/should/could/might +動(dòng)詞原形這樣的虛擬語(yǔ)氣外，也可用陳述語(yǔ)氣或祈使語(yǔ)氣

      例如：If I should see him, I will tell him.

      If it should rain tomorrow, don’t except me.

考點(diǎn)二：(時(shí)間)混合虛擬語(yǔ)氣

      條件從句的動(dòng)作和主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致(如一個(gè)是過去發(fā)生的，一個(gè)是現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的)。這時(shí)主從句動(dòng)詞的形式要根據(jù)時(shí)間來調(diào)整，使用各自的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。

      例如： Tom would be alive today if the doctor had come sooner last night.

      If he had followed th doctor’s advice then, he would be quite all right now.

考點(diǎn)三： 倒裝的虛擬條件句(were, had, should)

If 條件句中有were, had(助動(dòng)詞)和should時(shí)，可使用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，但if必須省略。

      If I had seen him then, I would have been very happy. =Had I see him then, I would have been very happy.

      If I should have time, I would go with you. =should I have time, I would go with you.

若條件從句為否定句，否定詞not應(yīng)置于主語(yǔ)之后，而不能與were, should, had 等縮成weren’t, shouldn’t, hadn’t而置于句首。

      If I were not so busy, I would go with you. =Were I not so busy, I would go with you.

考點(diǎn)四：含蓄條件句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣(without，with，but，for，or，otherwise或上下文)

用without(=but for)，or (else)，otherwise暗示if從句

      例如：but for his help, we wouldn’t have made such great progress.

      He must have missed the train, or he would have arrived here then.

當(dāng)上下文或上下句中的語(yǔ)境暗示的時(shí)候，省略條件句，避免重復(fù)。

      It was not a matter of money. Even a very poor man would have done the same, I think.

      They helped me a lot. I don’t know what I would have done without their help.

考點(diǎn)五：虛擬條件句兩個(gè)常用的固定句式(if it weren’t for…和if it hadn’t been for…)

      If it weren’t for…和if it hadn’t been for…是兩個(gè)很正常的虛擬語(yǔ)氣句型，其意為若不是(有);要不是有。

      其倒裝形式是：Were it not for…和Had it not been for…

      此句型可與but for, without “要不是’(后加名詞，句子謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常與虛擬語(yǔ)氣)等替換。

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